“不给糖就捣蛋”游戏、南瓜灯、诡异【yì】的【de】服装，这【zhè】些都是万圣节【jiē】的经典传统。但【dàn】你【nǐ】知【zhī】道这些传统有多【duō】个版本的起【qǐ】源故事吗？你知道糖苹果和玉【yù】米糖是怎么成为万圣节美【měi】食的吗？你【nǐ】知道万圣节【jiē】装饰常用的黑色和橙色象【xiàng】征着什【shí】么吗？不要傻傻地【dì】只【zhī】知道化装舞会【huì】和南瓜灯了，一起【qǐ】来【lái】丰富一下【xià】关【guān】于【yú】万圣节的有趣知识吧！
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1. CARVING HALLOWEEN JACK-O'-LANTERNS
雕刻万圣节南瓜灯
Jack-O'-Lanterns, which originated in Ireland using turnips instead of pumpkins, are supposedly based on a legend about a man named Stingy Jack who repeatedly trapped the Devil and only let him go on the condition that Jack would never go to Hell. When he died, however, Jack learned that Heaven didn’t really want his soul either, so he was condemned to wander the Earth as a ghost for all eternity. The Devil gave Jack a lump of burning coal in a carved-out turnip to light his way. Eventually, locals began carving frightening faces into their own gourds to scare off evil spirits.
南瓜灯起源【yuán】于【yú】爱【ài】尔兰【lán】，最开始是【shì】由萝卜雕的【de】，不是南瓜。传说有个绰号叫“吝啬鬼【guǐ】杰克”的男人屡【lǚ】次捉住魔鬼，并且要魔鬼允诺永远不【bú】会让他下地狱【yù】才肯放掉魔【mó】鬼。然而，他去世【shì】时才知【zhī】道，天堂也【yě】不愿意接受【shòu】他的灵魂，所以他【tā】只能做孤魂野鬼，永远【yuǎn】在【zài】人间游荡。魔鬼给了杰克一个装有燃煤【méi】的雕刻萝卜作为照明的灯笼。久而久之【zhī】，当【dāng】地人也开【kāi】始在【zài】他们的南瓜上雕刻狰狞的面容，以驱【qū】赶恶【è】灵【líng】。
2. SEEING GHOSTS
幽灵出没
Celtic people believed that during the festival Samhain, which marked the transition to the new year at the end of the harvest and beginning of the winter, spirits walked the Earth. Later, the introduction of All Souls Day on November 2 by Christian missionaries perpetuated the idea of a mingling between the living and the dead around the same time of year.
凯尔特【tè】人【rén】认为，在萨【sà】温节【jiē】期间，幽灵便在人【rén】间【jiān】徘徊。萨温节标志着新的【de】一【yī】年的开始【shǐ】（在古凯尔特人的信【xìn】仰里，新的一年于9-21开始）和收【shōu】获季到【dào】冬天【tiān】的过渡。之后，基【jī】督教传教士在11月2号设立了万灵节【jiē】，宣扬称生者和死者会在一年的【de】这个【gè】时间【jiān】相聚。
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3. WEARING SCARY COSTUMES
穿吓人的衣服
With all these ghosts wandering around the Earth during Samhain, the Celts had to get creative to avoid being terrorized by evil spirits. To fake out the ghosts, people would don disguises so they would be mistaken for spirits themselves and left alone.
传说萨温节期间【jiān】有许多可怕的幽灵【líng】游【yóu】荡人间，凯尔特人【rén】必须【xū】巧妙【miào】设法避【bì】开它们。为了瞒过恶灵，人们会将自己打【dǎ】扮成幽【yōu】灵的样子【zǐ】，这【zhè】样【yàng】幽灵便【biàn】会误以为对方是同类而离开。
fake out: 以欺骗手法制胜
4. GOING TRICK-OR-TREATING, THE PAGAN WAY
非基督教版本的“不给糖就捣蛋”
There is a lot of debate around the origins of trick-or-treating. One theory proposes that during Samhain, Celtic people would leave out food to placate the souls and ghosts and spirits traveling the Earth that night. Eventually, people began dressing up as these otherworldly beings in exchange for similar offerings of food and drink.
关于“不给糖就捣蛋”传统的来源有【yǒu】很多【duō】争议，其中一【yī】种【zhǒng】说法是，凯尔特人在【zài】萨温节【jiē】期间会摆出食物来安【ān】抚那天【tiān】夜里在人间徘徊的【de】亡灵和鬼神。后来，人【rén】们【men】也开始打扮成亡灵的样【yàng】子，来【lái】换【huàn】取食物和饮料【liào】。
Photo by Haley Phelps on Unsplash
5. GOING TRICK-OR-TREATING, THE SCOTTISH WAY
苏格兰版本的“不给糖就捣蛋”
Other researchers speculate that the candy bonanza stems from the Scottish practice of guising, itself a secular version of souling. In the Middle Ages, soulers, usually children and poor adults, would go to local homes and collect food or money in return for prayers said for the dead on All Souls’ Day. Guisers ditched the prayers in favor of non-religious performances like jokes, songs, or other “tricks.”
还有些学【xué】者猜【cāi】测这一传统来源于苏格兰的化装【zhuāng】习俗——将自己【jǐ】装扮成世俗的【de】幽灵。在【zài】中【zhōng】世纪时期，儿童和贫穷的【de】成人通常会装扮【bàn】成幽灵【líng】，到本【běn】地人的家里乞【qǐ】求食物或钱，并【bìng】以【yǐ】在万灵节为【wéi】死【sǐ】者祈祷作为回报。随着时【shí】间流逝，化装者不再用祈祷，而是用笑【xiào】话、歌【gē】曲或其他“把【bǎ】戏【xì】”等非宗教表【biǎo】演【yǎn】作为回报。
6. GOING TRICK-OR-TREATING, THE AMERICAN WAY
美国版本的“不给糖就捣蛋”
Some sources argue that our modern trick-or-treating stems from belsnickling, a tradition in German-American communities where children would dress in costume and then call on their neighbors to see if the adults could guess the identities of the disguised guests. In one version of the practice, the children were rewarded with food or other treats if no one could identify them.
一些来源指出，现【xiàn】代的“不给糖就捣【dǎo】蛋【dàn】”来源于【yú】德裔【yì】美国人社区的一个名叫“贝斯尼克【kè】”的传【chuán】统。孩子【zǐ】们化装好，然后去拜【bài】访邻居，看【kàn】他们能否【fǒu】猜出装扮后的客人【rén】是谁【shuí】。在其中一个【gè】版本的习俗中，如【rú】果没被【bèi】认出来，这个孩子就可以得到【dào】食物或者【zhě】其他奖励【lì】。
Photo by Yannick Menard on Unsplash
7. GETTING SPOOKED BY BLACK CATS
不祥的黑猫
The association of black cats and spookiness actually dates all the way back to the Middle Ages, when these dark kitties were considered a symbol of the Devil. It didn’t help the felines’ reputations when, centuries later, accused witches were often found to have cats, especially black ones, as companions. People started believing that the cats were a witch’s “familiar”—animals that gave them an assist with their dark magic—and the two have been linked ever since.
黑猫和幽灵【líng】的联系可以追溯【sù】到中世【shì】纪【jì】，当时黑色的小猫【māo】被视为魔鬼的象征【zhēng】。即使在几个世纪以【yǐ】后，黑猫的名声也没【méi】有好转【zhuǎn】，因为被指控为巫【wū】婆的人通【tōng】常都有猫作伴，特【tè】别【bié】是黑猫【māo】。人们开始相信猫是巫婆“亲密”的伙伴【bàn】，并能助长她【tā】们的黑魔【mó】法。自此【cǐ】之后两者便常常被联【lián】系在一起【qǐ】。
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8. BOBBING FOR APPLES
咬苹果游戏
This game traces its origins to a courting ritual that was part of a Roman festival honoring Pomona, the goddess of agriculture and abundance. Multiple variations existed, but the gist was that young men and women would be able to foretell their future relationships based on the game. When the Romans conquered the British Isles, the Pomona festival was blended with the similarly timed Samhain, a precursor to Halloween.
咬苹【píng】果游戏的起源可【kě】以追溯到一个求爱仪式。它是罗马节日的【de】一部【bù】分，用【yòng】来【lái】纪念农业和丰饶女【nǚ】神波莫娜。这个游戏有多种变化，但主旨【zhǐ】在于年【nián】轻男女能够【gòu】根据【jù】游戏【xì】来预测他们【men】未来【lái】的关系。罗马人征服不列颠群【qún】岛【dǎo】时【shí】，波莫纳【nà】节与几乎同【tóng】时期的萨温【wēn】节（万圣节【jiē】的前身）融合在一起。
precursor[priˈkɜːrsər]: n. 前兆
9. DECORATING WITH BLACK AND ORANGE
用黑色和橙色作为装饰主色调
The classic Halloween colors can also trace their origins back to the Celtic festival Samhain. Black represented the “death” of summer while orange is emblematic of the autumn harvest season.
这两个经典【diǎn】的万【wàn】圣节【jiē】颜色【sè】也可【kě】以追溯到凯尔特人【rén】的萨温节。黑色象征着夏天的“死亡”，而橙色则象【xiàng】征着秋【qiū】收季节。
Photo by Paige Cody on Unsplash
10. PLAYING PRANKS
玩恶作剧
As a phenomenon that often varies by region, the pre-Halloween tradition, also known as “Devil’s Night”, is credited with a different origin depending on whom you ask. Some sources say that pranks were originally part of May Day celebrations. But Samhain, and eventually All Souls Day, seem to have included good-natured mischief. When Scottish and Irish immigrants came to America, they brought along the tradition of celebrating Mischief Night as part of Halloween, which was great for candy-fueled pranksters.
万圣节【jiē】前的恶作剧传统也被称为【wéi】“魔【mó】鬼之夜【yè】”，经常因【yīn】地而异。不同的人【rén】对它的起【qǐ】源有着不同的回答。有一【yī】些【xiē】来源【yuán】称，恶作剧原本是【shì】五【wǔ】一劳【láo】动【dòng】节庆祝活动【dòng】的一部分。但是萨温【wēn】节，以及后来的万灵节，似乎就【jiù】已经【jīng】包含了善意的恶作剧【jù】。苏格兰和爱尔兰移民来【lái】到美【měi】国，他们也带来了在万圣节【jiē】前夕庆祝【zhù】“恶作剧之夜”的传统，这【zhè】对于【yú】酷【kù】爱糖果的恶作剧者来说【shuō】太棒了。
11. LIGHTING CANDLES AND BONFIRES
点燃蜡烛和篝火
These days, candles are more likely than towering traditional bonfires, but for much of the early history of Halloween, open flames were integral in lighting the way for souls seeking the afterlife.
如今【jīn】，在万【wàn】圣节【jiē】庆祝活【huó】动中，人们【men】更有可能【néng】点燃蜡烛而不是【shì】高【gāo】耸的传统篝火【huǒ】。但在万圣节的早【zǎo】期历史中，明火在为寻【xún】求来世的【de】灵【líng】魂照亮道路方面是不可或缺的。
Photo by Derrick Brooks on Unsplash
12. EATING CANDY APPLES
吃糖苹果
People have been coating fruit in sugar syrups as a means of preservation for centuries. Since the development of the Roman festival of Pomona, the goddess often represented by and associated with apples, the fruit has had a place in harvest celebrations. But the first mention of candy apples being given out at Halloween didn’t occur until the 1950s.
几个世纪以来，人们一直将水果裹在【zài】糖浆中保存。随着罗马【mǎ】波莫纳节的发展，苹果【guǒ】经常作【zuò】为女神波莫【mò】纳的代表，与之联系【xì】在【zài】一起，因此【cǐ】苹果在丰收庆【qìng】典【diǎn】中也占【zhàn】有【yǒu】一席之地。但直到20世纪50年代【dài】，才首次【cì】提【tí】到【dào】在万圣节时赠送糖苹果【guǒ】。
13. SPOTTING BATS
蝙蝠
It’s likely that bats were present at the earliest celebrations of proto-Halloween, not just symbolically but literally. As part of Samhain, the Celts lit large bonfires, which attracted insects. The insects, in turn, attracted bats, which soon became associated with the festival. Medieval folklore expanded upon the spooky connotation of bats with a number of superstitions built around the idea that bats were the harbingers of death.
蝙蝠很可能出现在【zài】最早的万圣节庆祝活动中，这种【zhǒng】说法不仅【jǐn】是【shì】象征性的，而且有事【shì】实佐证【zhèng】。作为萨温节【jiē】的一【yī】部分【fèn】，凯【kǎi】尔特人点燃篝火来吸引【yǐn】昆【kūn】虫【chóng】。这【zhè】些昆虫反过来又吸引了蝙蝠，因此蝙蝠与【yǔ】萨温节很快【kuài】联系在一起【qǐ】。中世纪的民间传说扩展了蝙蝠令人毛骨悚【sǒng】然【rán】的内涵【hán】，围【wéi】绕着蝙蝠是死亡来临的前兆存【cún】在着许多【duō】迷信【xìn】说法。
harbinger[ˈhɑːrbɪndʒər]: n. 先驱；前兆；预【yù】告者
14. GORGING ON CANDY
吃糖果
The act of going door-to-door for handouts has long been a part of Halloween celebrations. But until the middle of the 20th century, the “treats” kids received were not necessarily candy. Toys, coins, fruit, and nuts were just as likely to be given out. The rise in the popularity of trick-or-treating in the 1950s inspired candy companies to make a marketing push with small, individually wrapped confections. People obliged out of convenience, but candy didn’t dominate at the exclusion of all other treats until parents started fearing anything unwrapped in the 1970s.
挨家挨户地“讨糖果”一直是万【wàn】圣节庆祝活动的一部分。但在20世纪中【zhōng】叶前，孩子【zǐ】们得到的“款【kuǎn】待”不一【yī】定是糖果【guǒ】，也有可能【néng】得到玩具、硬币【bì】、水果和坚果。20世纪50年代，“不给糖就捣蛋”活动的兴【xìng】起，促使糖【táng】果公司【sī】纷纷推出独立包装的小糖果。人们出于便利才【cái】考虑购【gòu】买这种小【xiǎo】糖果。但直到【dào】20世纪70年【nián】代，家长们【men】开始担心【xīn】任何【hé】未经【jīng】包装的东【dōng】西有卫【wèi】生【shēng】隐患，糖【táng】果才开【kāi】始【shǐ】在这些【xiē】款待物中占据主【zhǔ】导地位。
Photo by Dane Deaner on Unsplash
15. MUNCHING ON CANDY CORN
玉米糖
According to some stories, a candymaker at the Wunderlee Candy Company in Philadelphia invented the revolutionary tri-color candy in the 1880s. The treats didn’t become a widespread phenomenon until another company brought the candy to the masses in 1898. At the time, candy corn was called Chicken Feed and sold in boxes with the slogan "Something worth crowing for." Originally just autumnal candy because of corn’s association with harvest time, candy corn became Halloween-specific when trick-or-treating rose to prominence in the US in the 1950s.
根【gēn】据【jù】一些故【gù】事的说法，费城文德利糖果公【gōng】司的一【yī】位糖果制造商【shāng】在19世【shì】纪80年【nián】代发明了革命性的三【sān】色【sè】糖果。但直到【dào】1898年另一家公司将这【zhè】种糖果推向大众【zhòng】，它才风靡起来。当时，玉【yù】米糖【táng】被【bèi】称为“鸡【jī】饲料”，装在盒子里出售【shòu】，广【guǎng】告语是“值得为【wéi】之欢【huān】呼【hū】的【de】东西【xī】”。最【zuì】初玉米糖只是秋天的糖果，因为玉米与收获【huò】季节【jiē】有【yǒu】关。在20世纪50年代，随着“不给糖就捣蛋”活动在美国的兴起，玉米糖成为了万圣节专属糖果。
英文来源：Mental Floss
翻译&编辑：丹妮
来源：中国日报网
标签： #万圣节万圣节万圣节万圣节